GATE PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Gate Petroleum Engineering is a blog which helps the students of PE for their GATE exam, by providing conceptual understanding of various subjects,numerical solving,sample questions and providing solutions to the questions discussed. Per day atleast one topic will be updated.So please be regular and share the info with friends. HAPPY LEARNING

Friday, January 22, 2016

Advice For New Graduates In Times Of Low Oil Prices- SPE Post

This is obviously not the best time to be graduating in Geology, Geophysics or Engineering if you are planning a career in oil and gas. However this is not the first time that such a precipitous fall in prices has occurred, and many of us graduated when the price of oil previously hit low levels similar to the current situation. I chose 1985 to enter the job market, with a BSc. in Geology from Imperial College, London. Oil prices dipped to around $10 a barrel the following year, and there seemed no route into the oil industry. I applied for a technician`s position with a Supermajor only to find out that there were 178 applicants, and I was considered overqualified.
After a year of working in temporary jobs, including dish washing at a film studio and working in a fertilizer factory, I began a career in mining in South Africa. Then I worked as a marine geologist surveying cable routes, and did a Masters and a PhD before I was finally taken on by Shell in the late 90s. I would imagine that many of you new graduates will follow similarly tortuous routes before finally landing an oil job, if you don't give up first.
So what should a new graduate be doing to try and position themselves for when prices finally begin to creep their way upwards towards "recovery" (the mythical upturn)? We addressed this question at the WIUGC (Western Inter-University Geoscience Conference, held in Western Canada) recently, and I thought it might be helpful to share some of the suggestions.
  1. Build your network: Contact other geologists, get to conferences (taking advantage of student rates or see item 4. below, regarding volunteering), and ask to connect on Oilpro with as many relevant oil and gas professionals as you can. Face to face meetings will obviously be of most benefit. When you get to events, take the bull by the horns and go and introduce yourself. Read up on the speaker and his or her research field so that you have something intelligent to contribute. Ask questions (politely) and you will hopefully be remembered.
  2. Keep your options open: You may have carefully tailored your degree to a career in oil and gas, but have you considered the following associated disciplines?
    • Mining (especially in remote or less politically desirable areas);
    • Hydrogeology;
    • Environmental geology;
    • Interpreter in a National or Provincial Park (Yellowstone or Dinosaurn Provincial Park would be great, even if you start off by volunteering for a summer);
    • Provincial or city museum.

      Almost any job will be be relevant in some way - it may boost your computer skills, give you practice in presenting, or at the very least expose you to other people and their experiences. This can later be parlayed into "relevant" experience on your CV, as well as providing you with a salary to keep the wolf from the door.
  3. Consider travelling: First off this will almost certainly provide you with valuable life experience, and will be of interest to many employers as you demonstrate your independence. You could also visit areas like Perth, where your proximity to oil and gas operations may lead you into roles that would not be advertised, such as joining a seismic crew. I got to join a seismic crew for a few days in Rangely, Colorado after simply turning up while on a geology road trip, so it can happen. Yes, these operations have been scaled down currently, but never give up.
  4. Volunteer: Join the relevant organisations, and attend the meetings and conferences. You can usually volunteer to man booths, receptions, etc. at conferences and you get to attend for free. You will get huge chances to network almost for free. Most organisations, like CSPG and AAPG, have reduced rates for students. You can also volunteer for many other organisations including National Parks. If so, try to choose ones with a geological theme to maximise experience.
  5. Postgraduate studies: Many students have wisely signed up for Masters degrees. This is like entering a holding pattern while you wait for oil prices to rise, while gaining a valuable qualification. I cannot recommend either course- or thesis-based Masters programs, but both will provide you with valuable tools relevant to the industry. My personal favourites are thesis-based Masters, because completing one demonstrates resilience, an ability to close out a project, and an ability to collect, collate, evaluate, integrate and interpret data, and then to share the results with others. Of course you can leverage your project by presenting at technical conferences or for special interest groups, which will put you in the public eye and help to build your networks.

    Regarding PhDs, my experience suggests that the key attributes are a project that is somewhat relevant to industry (preferably funded by a single or a consortium of oil companies). In addition it should be of interest to you, as you will spend an absolute minimum of three years working on it. If it is field based, so much the better.
    Graduate students are also commonly looking for field assistants, and you might be able to pick up a cool travel opportunity with learning and field experience thrown in. Room and board are usually included. Visit the Geology department at your local university and put your name out there as being keen to help out. You may also get to help out with labs and as a demonstrator. I guarantee that you will learn a great deal if you take on this kind of role.
  6. Be imaginative: There are many other ways to "keep your hand in". Do some off the cuff fieldwork. Read some papers. Take free courses online. Learn oil field terminology. Go into schools and give presentations. Turn up at museums and ask what you can do to help. Set up a field trip looking at building stones in your community and advertise it online. Let your imagination run wild.
This list barely scratches the surface. I welcome comments and further suggestions from all those experienced and grizzled professionals who have weathered this particular storm in their past. Meanwhile good luck to every graduate and remember that fortune favours the brave. For those of us who graduated when oil prices were low, clawing our way into the industry has left us in a position where there is less competition because so many of our peers never made it into the industry. Many of them are instead now in IT or working as bank managers or in town planning. Is that what you want?
At the end of the day, history suggests that oil prices will rise again at some point, at which point you can start applying for all those new opportunities. The key thing is not to let this waiting period go to waste.
Thanks are owed to Don Weir and Ryan Lemiski for their excellent and thought provoking contributions to this article.
Posted by Oilpatch at 7:19 PM 4 comments:
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Sunday, January 17, 2016

Well Testing and Well Completion Questions

QUESTIONNAIRS ON WELL TESTING AND WELL COMPLETION 

 Well Testing


  1. Why well testing is important?
(To understand info systems enabling better completions and well operations).

  1. Name two common problem of gas well testing?
(Gas expansion – hydrate problem, Erosion)

  1. Give full forms of RFT, TCP, DST and BS&W.
(Repeat Formation Test, Tubing Conveyed Perforation, Drill Stem Test, Basin Sediment and Water)

  1. Name three production testing equipment.
(Flow head, choke manifold, test separator, oil and gas manifold etc.)

  1. Why initial activation of well is required during testing?
(To create sufficient differential pressure to create around well bore for inducting formation fluid to flow)

  1. What is artificial lift?
(Supply of external energy to the well, which ceases to flow)

  1. What are the different pressures measured during testing?
(Bottom hole – static flowing build up
Well head – static and flowing
Separator and other surface installation)

  1. Define PI and Skin?

  1. Name three common methods to prevent hydrate problem?
(Stage pressure reduction, use of heater, glycol injection etc.)

  1. What is the difference between isochronal test and interference test?

  1. Multiple zones testing commonly done from top to bottom – true or false?
(False)

  1. What are the different types of schemes and which type is desirable?
(Positive, negative and no skin. Negative type is desirable)






Well completion:

  1. What is the function of well completion?
(To provide conduit from subsurface reservoir to surface through which fluid can be produced or injected)

  1. What is the effect of poor completion design?
(High operating cost, early abandonment, un-recovered reserves) 

  1. Name factors that influence well design?
(Reservoir parameters, operating requirement, workover methods and frequency, environmental/safety concern)

  1. Name three types of wells as per logistics?
(Onshore/offshore/sub-sea wells)

  1. What are the different types of well completion?
(Open hole, perforated, liner completion)

  1. What are the parameters used to define tubing?
(Diameter, nominal weight, steel grade, thread connection)

  1. Name four down hole well completion equipment?
(Packers, circulating device, nipples, SSSV, expansion joints etc.)

  1. What is the difference between SSV & SSSV?
(Surface safety valve, sub-surface safety valve)

  1. What are the different types of packers?
(Permanent packer, retrievable packer, polished bore receptacle packer)

  1. Bullet perforation is used in medium hard to hard perforation. (True or false)
(False, bullet perforation is for soft to medium hard perforation)

  1. What are the benefits of healthy wells?

(Maximize ultimate recovery, minimize total cost over well life, reduce time & efforts for maintenance, easier well completion, and aids in safe operation practices) 
Posted by Oilpatch at 8:20 PM No comments:
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Well Logging Qiuz



State whether True or False
S.No.-Question-Answer
01-Well log is a continuous record of a geophysical property along a borehole-True
02.-Depth of investigation of focused current resistivity tools is smaller than those of unfocussed tools-False
03.-No current source is used for SP log recording-True
04-High resistivity is always indicator of hydrocarbons-False
05-Induction resistivity tool is preferred over latero type tool in non conducting muds-True
06-Density log is basically a porosity log-True
07-Gamma Ray log is used as lithology indicator-True
08-Positive SP is developed against reservoir  section when salinity of formation water is more than that of mud filtrate-False
09-Dipmeter is based upon resistivity measurements-True
10-Neutron porosity (PHIN) increases with presence of gas-False

                                                                                                  
Posted by Oilpatch at 8:12 PM No comments:
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Thursday, January 14, 2016

Geo Physical Methods of Exploration Answer Key

Key   


1.                              c
2.                              c
3.                              d
4.                              c
5.                              c
6.                              d
7.                              d
8.                              c
9.                              c
10.                          c
11.                          c
12.                          a
13.                          b
14.                          b
15.                          c
16.                          d
17.                          d
18.                          c
19.                          b
20.                          c
21.                          a
22.                          d
23.                          b
24.                          c
25.                          b
26.                          a
27.                          d
28.                          d
29.                          a
30.                          d
31.                          b
32.                          c
33.                          a
34.                          b
35.                          b
36.                          b
37.                          a
38.                          b
Posted by Oilpatch at 12:02 AM No comments:
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Quiz # 1 Answers

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Quiz 1 answers

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petroguide2015@gmail.com>

19/10/2015
to mozumd.
Answers P & P Test 1
1.        c
2.        a
3.        b, c
4.        b, c, d
5.        b, c, d, h
6.        a, c
7.        a, c
8.        c
9.        d
10.     a, d
11.     b, d
12.     a, c, f
13.     c
14.     b
15.     b
16.     a, c, e
17.     a: Driller’s Method, b: Wait and Weight
18.     c
19.     d
20.     a
21.     b
22.     c
23.     a
24.     d
25.     a
26.     a
27.     b
28.     a, c
29.     a
30.     52
31.     b
32.     a
33.     c
34.     f
35.     c
36.     b
37.     (i) a, (ii) 1.59
38.     a
39.     c
40.     (i) b, (ii) b
41.     a
42.     d
43.     b
44.     39
45.     c
46.     a, b
47.     c
48.     b
49.     a
50.     c
51.     8.81
52.     b, c, d
53.     b
54.     c
55.     c
Bottom of Form

Answer Key: P and P Test 2

1. e
2. b
3. a
4. a
5a. a
5b. b
6. a
7(i). c
7(ii). b
7(iii). a
7(iv). a
8. d
9. b
10. a, d
11. c
12. a, e, g
13. c
14. b
15. a
16. a
17. a
18. c
19. a
20(i). d
20(ii). 5,549 psi
21. b
22. b
23. b, c, d
24. a, d, f
25. a, c
26. a
27. d
28. a
29. d
30. b, c, e
31. c, d
32. a, c, d
33. a
34. b, c
35. a
36. d
37. c
38. c
39. c, d
40. b
41. No
42. No
43. a, b
44. a, d
45. b, c
46. b, d
47. 1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d


Posted by Oilpatch at 12:00 AM No comments:
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Wednesday, January 13, 2016

Well Completions Answers


EQUIPMENT EXAM


1) What is the main reason for using tubing nipples in a completion?

a.   to receive flow control devices.
b.   to reduce well flow.
c.   for depth control of wire-line.

2) From which direction are down hole safety valves designed to prevent flow?

a.   both above and below.
b.   below.
c.   above.

3) Which type of closure mechanism is fitted to tubing retrievable down hole safety valves?

TWO ANSWERS

a.   plug
b.   sleeve
c.   gate.
d.   poppet
e.   ball
f.    flapper

4) What is the primary advantage of a wire-line retrievable down hole safety valve?

a.   can be retrieved and replaced.
b.   can be installed after running the tubing
c.   can be removed to allow through tubing intervention work.
d.   simple construction.

5) Which of the following statements about the circulation devices used in a well kill are true?

TWO ANSWERS

a.   check that the pressure rating is adequate for the work to be performed.
b.   check that the tail pipe plug is in place before opening the sleeve.
c.   check the pressure are equalized before opening.
d.   check that the catcher is installed below the sliding sleeve.
e.   check that the device is fully open.



6) How is a surface controlled wire-line retrievable down hole safety valve run in the well in the open position?

a.   with  a prong on the lock mandrel running tool.
b.   with a locked-in hydraulic pressure.
c.   with an automatic ‘J’ device.
d.   with a lock-open sleeve.

7) If a side packet mandrel is not in use, what type of valve is installed in the pocket as a positive closure to flow from either direction?

a.   A circulation valve.
b.   a gas lift valve.
c.   a dummy valve.
d.   a gate valve.
e.   a chemical injection valve.

8) What is the definition of a permanent packer?

  1. it can only be retrieved by milling it out.
  2. It can be set and retrieved on wire-line.
  3. It is fixed to the completion tubing.
  4. It is fixed, and can only be retrieved on the completion tubing.
  5. It can only retrieved with a special pulling tool.

9) How are lock mandrels locked into tubing nipples?

a.   on a NO-GO shoulders.
b.   with elastomeric packing in a polished nipple bore.
c.   by metal to metal seals.
d.   with mandrel locking dogs and matching nipple recesses.
e.   with slips.
f.    with expanding rubber elements in the nipple bore.

10)  Why is a down hole safety valve installed?

a.   to prevent production in the accidental event of surface valves being opened.
b.   to shut the well in to allow maintenance to surface equipment.
c.   to shut the well in, in an emergency situation.
d.   control production flow rates.
e.   to shut the well in and stop production.









11) Which of the following down hole safety valves are surface controlled?

TWO ANSWERS

a.       Differential pressure valves.
b.      Flapper valve.
c.       Wire-line retrievable valves.
d.      Tubing retrievable valves.
e.       Automatic valve
f.       Ambient pressure valves.
g.      Ball valve.

12) How does a packer create the annulus/tubing seal?

  1. By hydraulic control from the surface.
  2. It seals off the tubing within the packer bore.
  3. In conjunction with the completion tubular it isolates the annulus from the casing below the packer and from the tubing bore.
  4. By being located into a tieback receptacle.

13) How do flow control devices seal within the nipple bore?

  1. With mandrel locking dogs and matching nipple recesses.
  2. By metal to metal seals.
  3. With elastomeric packing in a polished nipple bore.
  4. With slips
  5. With expanding rubber elements in the nipple bore.
  6. On no-go shoulders.

14) How would circulation be established if a sliding side door could not be opened for circulation purposes in a completion?

  1. Pull the down hole safety valve from the nipple.
  2. Connect the tubing and ‘A’ annulus on the surface.
  3. Unset the packer.
  4. Make a hole in the tubing with a tubing punch.

15) How are well fluids prevented from entering the annulus from the tubing , if a side pocket mandrel is used for gas lifting or chemical injection?

a. by differential pressure.
b. by check valves in the gas lift valves.
c. by venture effect across the port.







16) How are sub-surface controlled down hole safety valves operated?

TWO ANSWERS

a. by ambient pressure.
b. by differential pressure.
c. by hydraulic pressure.
d. by a fall in the temperature of the well bore fluid.
e. by a rise in the temperature of the well bore fluid.

17) Which of the following statements about Xmas tree valves are true?

TWO ANSWERS

a. after closing , a manual valve should be backed out a part of a turn.
b. it is necessary to close the valve as tightly as possible.
c. counting the turns while operating the valve can show if there is an obstruction at the valve.
d. all valves take 24 turns to open or close.
e. the indicator shows how many turns are still required to fully close the valve.

18) Where is a sliding sleeve normally positioned when used as a circulating device?

      a.   Immediately above the packer
      b.   Below the packer in a single zone completion.
      c.   between packers for individual zone production.

19) Which of the following statements about hangers are true?

TWO ANSWERS

a.       It allows communication from inside the completion to the completion annulus through control line ports.
b.      There is usually a place for a plug inside the hanger body.
c.       It supports the weight of the top of the completion.
d.      It supports the weight of the completion and top string of casing.
e.       It allows communication into the completion annulus through the control line.

20) What is the primary purpose of a packer in producing a well?

a.       To retain completion fluid in the annulus.
b.      To anchor the bottom of the tubing
c.       To support tubing weight
d.      To enable the completion annulus to be isolated.





21) Which type of down hole safety valve has the largest inside diameter for the same completion tubing size?

a.       Ambient
b.      Wire-line retrievable
c.       Pressure differential
d.      Tubing retrievable

22) What is the purpose of a side pocket mandrel?

  1. To provide a communication path between the tubing bore and the casing annulus.
  2. To plug the tubing.
  3. To be a receptacle for wire-line safety valve.
  4. To provide a profile for landing flow control devices.

23) What is the primary purpose of a sliding sleeve or sliding side door?

  1. To provide a communication path between the tubing bore and the casing annulus.
  2. To close off the tubing bore.
  3. To close off the annulus.

24) What is the primary purpose of a DHSV?

  1. To provide a communication path between the tubing bore and the casing annulus.
  2. To close off the tubing bore.
  3. To close off the annulus.

25) A well equipped with a flapper type subsurface safety valve with damaged control line:

  1. Can be killed by bull-heading and the valve can be recovered.
  2. Need coiled tubing to open the valve.
  3. Cannot be killed, the valve needs to be milled.

26) If 20,000 feet of 1.5” coiled tubing of 1.25” ID was used to acidize a well, the volume of displacement fluid required to displace acid to CT shoe is:

  1. 45 bbl
  2. 30 bbl
  3. 20 bbl






27) What is the primary reason that determines the setting depth of a down hole safety valve?

  1. Prevent accidental penetration by drilling tools from an adjacent well.
  2. Prevent deliberate sabotage.
  3. Below any possible depth where damage could occur to the valve from surface impact.
  4. Below catering depth in case of potential blow out around the casing.
  5. As close as possible to the packer to keep the well pressure as deep as possible
  6. As high as possible to reduce the inventory of well fluids that may escape above the valve.

28) Which one of the following statements about the Xmas tree is true?

  1. Any swab valve can be used to cut the slick-line.
  2. Any kill wing valve can be used to cut the slick-line.
  3. Some master valves can be used to cut the slick-line.
  4. Any flow wing valve can be used to cut the slick-line.

29) What are the generic types of packers available for completions?

TWO ANSWERS

  1. Retrievable
  2. Permanent
  3. Check valve
  4. Bridge plug
  5. Pump through

30) What is the primary purpose of NO-GO shoulders?

  1. To take the load o differential forces across the tools
  2. To lock mandrels into the tubing nipples.
  3. In the bottom of the nipple to prevent tools from falling out of the tubing.
  4. To locate lock mandrels to their particular matching nipples.

31) Where is the packer normally positioned in the completion string?

  1. Above, but close to, the top perforations.
  2. As close to the tubing hanger as possible.
  3. Below the perforations.
  4. Half way between the perforations and the tubing hanger.

32) What is the first action to take to re-instate production in a well with a failed tubing retrievable down hole safety valve?

  1. Lock the valve mechanism open and install a wireline insert valve.
  2. Perform a work-over.
  3. Lock the valve mechanism open.

34)  What are the normal safe methods of establishing temporary communication between the tubing and annulus for circulation purposes? 

TWO ANSWERS

a. Install a circulation valve inside a side pocket mandrel.
b. Open the Sliding sleeve door.
c. Use a tubing punch to punch a hole in tubing.

35) Why is an annulus safety valve installed?

a.       To prevent back flow from the gas filled annulus in a gas lift well.
b.      To close off flow into the annulus.
c.       In place of a tubing safety valve.

36) How does a Surface Controlled Wireline Retrievable DHSV make hydraulic communication?

a.       Between 2 packing seal stacks, once the lock mandrel is set.
b.      Through an opening on the Sliding Sleeve.
c.       Through a hydrostatic stab.

37) How does a failed subsurface controlled DHSV close?

a.                   Pressure decrease in the tubing.
b.                  Hydraulic pressure loss in control line.

c.                   Malfunctioning communication seals.
Posted by Oilpatch at 11:56 PM No comments:
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      • Well Logging Qiuz
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