Thursday, April 6, 2017

Oilfield H2S Training


H2S is one of the deadliest and most dangerous gas that have claimed lot of lives in oilfield. If you are related to oilfield industry you would have heard about H2S definitely.

In any event H2S awareness can be the difference between life and death. H2S had killed and will continue to kill oilfield workers who are not properly trained and not properly prepared to perform their duties in this potentially lethal environment.

In oilfield the simplest most routine task can be deadly sometimes, so each and every task you perform should always go for a hazard check and control measures should be placed before starting the work.

Learning about H2S awareness would make a huge difference while working in oilfield.


I would be happy in answering the following about H2S

What is Hydrogen Sulphide ?

How H2S is formed ?

Where you can find H2S?

The dangers that H2S can causes

How to control the risks associated with H2S


Oilfield H2S Safety Training Manual

How to stay safe while working with deadliest, highly toxic Hydrogen Sulphide gas?

Advancements in technology has helped oil and gas industry in exploring deeper and unconventional reservoirs, to meet the increase in demand for petroleum products, operators are required to drill in sour gas areas where Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is present at high concentrations.

Hydrogen Sulphide is a life-threatening, corrosive, flammable, highly-toxic gas. The exploration and operations of such fields has to be undertaken at high precautions. H2S can claim lives at very low concentrations, and also it can cause severe instantaneous failure of high-strength steels and other metals while exposed, which would increase costs of already high cost ventures.

H2S exposure deaths, incidents are still happening, the highly toxic gas can takes lives in seconds if it is not detected immediately. Analysis shows the following are the main reasons for incidents in sour gas fields:

1.       Lack of knowledge that a H2S release could occur and potential consequences of H2S exposure.

2.       Due to the lack of awareness relating to the occurrence of H2S, there was in many cases, a lack of adequate preparedness to deal with the release of toxic gas.

3.       The lack of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and suitable alarms led in a number of cases, to fatal H2S exposure.

4.       The lack of training regarding what is H2S, consequences of H2S exposure, procedures to work in sour environment, and using of personal protective equipment in case of emergency.

So there is a huge need to spread awareness about H2S and in this book you will be learning a lot about it.

The following topics about H2S will be discussed in this book:

1.       What is Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)?

2.       What are the Health Hazards associated with H2S?

3.       Monitoring and planning in case of emergency

4.       Emergency rescue

5.       SCBA training

Following this level of H2S awareness training, you will not be asked to intentionally work in areas where H2S may rise.

If a job is likely to be affected by H2S, further physical training will be required in the use of breathing apparatus, other protective equipment and site specific contingency plans.


Chapter-2 what is Hydrogen Sulphide?

Hydrogen Sulphide/sulphite/H2S is a colourless highly flammable and highly toxic gas that is found as unwanted bi-product in many industries.

H2S is considered as poison, even in low concentrations, it can affect several different systems in body at once; respiratory system and nervous system are mostly affected.

H2S occurs naturally in

Petroleum

Sulphur and natural gas deposits,

Oilfield-drilling and production,

Petrochemical and refining plants

Manufacturing plants,

Laboratory operations

Water treatment plants

Underground mining

Chemical plants

Stagnant water

H2S is heavier than air, and can collect in low lying areas such as

Oil/gas well cellar deck areas

Open Drains

Oil/gas well returns lines

Sewers

Deep excavations

Approximately 90% of H2S sources are natural, H2S results from bacterial decay of animal and plant material in wet areas such as marshes and swamps.

H2S is formed in earth crust and escapes out in volcanic eruptions.

10% of H2S is caused due to human activities and this 10% is likely get exposed by humans.

Hydrogen Sulphide/sulphite/H2S also called as

Sour gas

Marsh gas

Sewer gas

Swamp gas

Rotten egg gas

Stink gas

Manure gas

Acid gas

Poison gas

Physical Properties of H2S:

H2S is heavier than air (1.189 SG)

H2S is soluble in water, liquid, drilling mud and only releases when the mixture is agitated

H2S is gas at ambient conditions

It is colourless

H2S is an invisible gas that smells like rotten eggs; however individuals should not rely solely on their smell to detect gas. The reason why you should rely on smell is other chemicals may mask the smell of H2S gas and also you lose sense of smell as H2S concentration increases.

High concentration of H2S can instantaneously lead to ability to smell.

H2S concentrations greater than 100 ppm paralyzes the sense of smell.

Continued exposure to low levels and high concentrations of H2S can cause people to lose their ability to smell the gas even if it is present.

H2S is easily dispersed by wind.

H2S is highly flammable; it will burn or explode at 500 deg F and above.

Explosive range from 4.3% LEL – 46% UEL (LEL- Lower explosive limit- is the lowest concentration of fuel in air which will burn, UEL- Upper explosive limit – is the maximum concentration of fuel in air which will burn)

H2S burns with a blue flame producing Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), it is purposely burned in flare stacks to help prevent accidental explosions and it will emit dangerous, toxic sulphur dioxide (SO2), which is twice heavier than air.

Exposure to SO2 can:

Severely irritate eyes, nose, throat and respiratory system.

Tissue damage if exposed long term

Freezer type burns when contacted with liquid SO2.

H2S auto ignition temperature is 206 deg C

Flash point at -82.4 deg C

 H2S is highly corrosive gas and will cause instantaneous failure of well equipment; H2S combines with moisture in air to form a corrosive acid which in high concentration can result in metal fatigue.

H2S affected tubular, pipes are subjected to hydrogen embrittlement/ Sulphide stress cracking and can release H2S from tubular and pipes carrying H2S.

H2S reacts very violently with

·         Strong oxidizers, metal oxides, peroxides.

·         Strong alkalis and active metals.

·         Some plastics and rubbers.

 


 

Oilfield Safety Training: Personal Protective Equipment


Oilfield Safety Training- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

 
Types of PPE that keeps you safe while working in oil and gas industry and their importance



 

Introduction:

Working in an oilfield or related to oil and gas industry domain is always not easy, especially the working environment, adverse weather conditions, physically challenging jobs, long working hours and workplace hazards had made this even worse.

People are often excited about working in oil and gas industry because of high paid salaries and work-holiday rotations, but they are not aware of various conditions they will be exposed while working.

So it is highly advisable to have knowledge on the safety culture practises in the industry and it is everyone’s responsibility to follow the same.

Working safely, making safety as priority and analysing the hazards before starting the work will almost minimize the occurrence of incidents and accidents.

Many oilfield major accidents like Deepwater Horizon Blowout, Piper ALPHA, BP Oil Spill and others would have been prevented.

So remember ALWAYS SAFETY FIRST.

Analyse your workplace HAZARDS

Make CONTROLS in place

and JUMP INTO YOUR PPE.

Health, Safety and Environment should be the driving force for each and every employee in Oilfield or any other work area. Safety related incidents are daily happening all over the world and making working a painful activity. It’s our responsibility to consider safety as a primary responsibility and minimize the outcome of the incidents, and if possible to prevent this safety related accidents.

So to prevent the incidents there is a need to learn about safety, design safety program, foresee the incidents, learn from previous mistakes and implement proper safety plan.

In order to prevent an incident to occur the following pattern would be implemented.

ELIMINATION

SUBSTITUTION

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS

PPE

PPE is Personal Protective Equipment which helps us to minimize hazards effects on employees.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is anything used or worn by a person to minimize risk to the person's health or safety and includes a wide range of clothing and safety equipment. PPE includes boots, face masks, hard hats, ear plugs, respirators, gloves, safety harnesses, high visibility clothing etc.

·        Hard Hat to protect HEAD

·        Safety Glass to protect EYES

·        Ear plugs/ Ear muffs to protect EARS

·        Coverall/Body Vest to protect BODY

·        Safety Shoes to protect TOES/FINGERS

·        Hand gloves to protect HANDS/FINGERS

The type of PPE to be used will be highly depend on the job, so the term appropriate PPE is used to describe the PPE required for a particular job.


 

 

 











 



ALWAYS RESPECT SIGN BOARDS

 


 

Whatever is your working location, when you are working in Offshore O&G operations, Land operations, in a process plant, in a refinery, Chemical handling, working in a yard, working activities like Lifting, Trenching & Excavation, Welding, Grinding, Hammering, Chipping, working at height, chemical transferring, construction site or any other work related activities you should always were appropriate PPE.

Personal Protecting Equipment includes the following but not limited to

Hard Hat (better if you put on a reflector tape)

Safety Glasses (Indoor/Outdoor clear of any scratches)

Ear Plugs/ Ear Muffs (Must for all equipment operators and if sound more than 85db)

Face shield for hammering

Cover -All with reflector strips/ Reflector clothing (With name, blood group details on chest, Nonabsorbent and fire protective)

Hand Gloves (cotton/ impact, rubber gloves if handling chemicals)

Safety Shoes with steel toe (If in damp areas or chemical handling use rubber boots/gum boots)

Respirators/ dust masks if you are handling with chemicals, dust, mist, smoke, crystalline silica etc.


Always use signs/boards/ markings/ barricades while entering into the work area to remind of wearing PPE or if any additional PPE is required to enter into the working area, It is your responsibility to inform new employees or workers about the uses of PPE.

Also mark the walkways, maintain at least 2 Muster stations and always use designated smoking areas for smoking.

PPE vary with the job you do, but for any activities the above listed PPE is a must and violating the above is ZERO TOLERANCE.

For example if your work involves handling with hot work such as welding or gas cutting you may need HOT GLOVES, Face Shield, Fire Blanket, a water hose, fire extinguisher, and a fire watcher.

So depending on the job always use appropriate PPE.

Always:

1. Properly assess PPE before it is used to ensure it is suitable

2. Wear and look after PPE

3. Keep PPE in clean and good condition

4. Store PPE appropriately when not in use

5. Use PPE correctly whenever it is deemed necessary

What is to be considered before selecting the appropriate PPE?

Consider all the possible hazards that are likely to occur in your workplace before selecting the appropriate PPE. Also, identify the PPE that will prevent or reduce the risks involved in your specific task.

Once you have selected what you believe to be the most suitable type of PPE, you should also ask yourself:

 YES
       Is the selected PPE appropriate for the conditions of use?
 YES
       Is it compatible with all other items of PPE?
 YES
       Will it make me more or less visible?
 YES
       Will I still be able to hear others and be heard?
 YES
     Does it fit properly and is it comfortable?

 Job Hazard Risk Assessment:

Once you decide to work on a job, before jumping and starting the job, assess the job for various Hazards that may turn-up while working or after completing the job, also wear the PPE for the specified job.


 TO READ MORE PLEASE FIND THE LINK BELOW:
 

Thursday, June 2, 2016

Technical Contribution

Hello

If any viewers  who is an Oil Field personnel or Petroleum Engineering domain students/ professionals who are interested in contributing technically to this blog, to make it more interacting with students are welcomed.

Please do comment here if you are interested.

Cheers.

Sunday, May 22, 2016

Slip Velocity Calculation

Cutting slip velocity calculation is very important in the field and exam point view in drilling engineering.

Here below its clearly explained and calculated in three parts in video format.

Please check the You Tube links below and do comment your views, your views would help us in making many more for you.

Thanking You

Part 1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnvmmQEgFnY


Part 2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-i1ubL4LFY


Part 3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0jCY6YiqQc


Please share your views.

 

Tuesday, May 17, 2016

Petroleum Exploration/ Geology/ Geo-Physics

Following are the questions from Petroleum Exploration, try to find the answers have any quires post in comments.



01.  Oil is generally found in :

    a)   Igneous Rocks
b)    Metamorphic rocks
c)    Sedimentary rocks
d)    Any type of rocks

02.  Which of the following is essential for Hydrocarbon accumulation:

a)    Source rock
b)    Cap rock
c)    Reservoir rock
d)    All of the above

03.    The most popular Geophysical method used for Hydrocarbon Exploration is:

a)    Gravity Prospecting
b)    Magnetic Prospecting
c)    Seismic refraction method
d)    Seismic Reflection method

04.    4D seismic is:

a)    Time elapse 3D Seismic Survey
b)    Four Dimensional Survey method
c)    A method for direct detection of Hydrocarbon
d)    None of the above

05.    CDP seismic reflection survey:

a)    Improves S/N ratio
b)    Helps to cancel random noise
c)    Involves stacking of various shot & receive positions
d)    All of the above

06.In Refraction shooting, the distance between the shot & receiver is:

a)    Small
b)    Large
c)    Either small or large
d)    Less than the Critical distance



07.Vertical Seismic Profiling:

a)    Is a reconnaissance  survey method
b)    Useful in basement determination
c)    Useful in determining the subsurface velocity
d)    Useful in determining the surface velocity

08.Which  of the following is not a component of onland seismic reflection survey:

a)    Geophone
b)    Airgun
c)    Dynamite
d)    Hydrophone

09.High Density rocks show:

a)    Positive Anomaly
b)    Negative Anomaly
c)    Zero Anomaly
d)    None of the above

10. Sediments have:

a)    less magnetic susceptibility compared to Basement rocks
b)    more magnetic susceptibility compared to Basement rocks
c)    Same magnetic susceptibility compared to Basement rocks
d)    None of the above

11.In inhospitable terrain the best Geophysical prospecting method is:

a)    Gravity method
b)    Magnetic method
c)    Remote Sensing
d)    Seismic Refraction Survey:

12.Compressional waves:

a) Travel faster than Shear waves  and hence arrive later than S-waves  
b) Travel faster than Shear waves  and hence arrive earlier than S-waves
c) Travel slower than Shear waves  and hence arrive later than S-waves
e)    Travel slower than Shear waves  and hence arrive earlier than S-waves

13. An example of Direct Detection of Hydro carbon is

a)    3D seismic survey
b)    Bright spot
c)    PSDM
d)    PSTM

14.Interpretation is best with:

a)    Specialized team approach
b)    Functional team approach
c)    Multidisciplinary team approach
d)    Hiring Consultants