CEMENTING of OIL & GAS WELL
Below you can see the basis of a cementing operations describing the Oil and Gas Well Cementing.
Various equipment used in cementing operations involve Wiper Plugs (top and bottom plugs), centralizers, casing / guide shoe, plug container, cementing head, silos, wall scratchers, float collar, cement basket etc.
One should definitely have knowledge about the functions of each tool/equipment.
JAR & ACCELERATOR
Jar and accelerator/ intensifiers are used when there is a stuck pipe tendencies while drilling.
A drilling jar is used to
increase pulling capacity to free the stuck pipe and an accelerator is used to
intensify force generated by the drilling jar at the upper depth of the well.
• The more you pull on the
drilling jar before it is tripped, the more power you will get from the
drilling jar.• Drill collars placed above the drilling jar enhance the performance of the hydraulic jar.
• The jar accelerator is used to intensify effect of jar at any depth. Use of the accelerator is very effective in a shallow fishing operation.
• The accelerator helps keep the energy generated by jar impact from being lost up hole.
DRILLING BITS
BLOW OUT PREVENTER
BOP equipment is one the most critical equipment for well control operation. Learning about it via VDO training is a good way to understand this subject because you can see what the equipment look like, how these equipment relates to the operation. This VDO will teach you several topics about the BOP equipment as BOP stack, choke manifold, choke panel, accumulator, etc. Additionally, the full VDO transcript is provided to aid your learning.
The
Blow Out Preventer or BOP Stack. The Driller’s BOP control panel. The BOP
operating unit- accumulator. The choke manifold. The choke control panel. The
mud-gas separator. The flare line and flare pit. The trip tank and drill string
valves. From this BOP control panel, the driller opens and closes, or controls,
the blow out preventers and the line to the choke manifold. Rig builders
usually place the control panel on the rig floor, close to the driller’s
positon. Levers and switches allow the driller to quickly open and close the
preventers and other valves in the system. The accumulator bottles store or
accumulate hydraulic fluid under very high pressure up to 3,000 psi(over 20,000
kilo pascal). This high pressure fluid ensures that the preventers close very
fast. The BOP operating unit accumulator is installed some distance from the
rig floor. When the driller activates the BOP operating unit, it pumps the
hydraulic fluid through the high pressure pipes, or lines, into the BOP stack.
The hydraulic pressure opens or closes the preventers. Usually, the driller
operates the accumulator from the control panel on the rig floor. In an
emergency however, crew members can operate the BOPs by using the control
valves on the accumulator itself.
Here’s a choke manifold. Flow gets to it from the BOP stack via a choke line. The manifold usually has two special valves in it called the chokes. Usually well flow goes through only one of the chokes.
The others are backups or used under special conditions. By adjusting the size of the opening of the choke, making the opening smaller or larger, the driller adjusts the amount of flow through the choke. The smaller the opening, the less flow. The larger the opening, the more flow. The less flow, the more bank pressure on the well. The more flow, the less bank pressure on the well. This adjustment of bank pressure keeps the pressure on the bottom of the flow constant, so that no more kick fluids can enter the well. The driller or another crew member uses the choke control panel to adjust the size of the choke’s opening as kick fluids flow through it. By watching the pressure on the drill pipe encasing, and by keeping the mudbomb at a constant speed, the choke operator can adjust the choke to keep the pressure on the bottom of the hole constant.
The choke operator must keep the bottom hole pressure constant to successfully control and circulate a kick out of the hole. Often, kick fluids and mud from the choke manifold go through a line to a mud-gas separator. Frequently, formation gas is the main part of a kick. However, kick fluids may also contain water, oil, or a combination of these fluids. In any case, the mud-gas separator removes the gas from the mud. With the gas removed, the pump circulates gas-free mud into the mud tanks, and back down the hole. The separated gas goes to a flare line.
In the separator, mud, with gas in it from the choke manifold, enters the top and falls over several baffle plates. The gas breaks out of the mud as it falls over the baffle plates and goes into the flare line. The gas-free mud flows into the bottom outlet, where it goes to the mud tanks for circulation down hole. The flare line conducts gas from the mud-gas separator to the flare pit on land rigs. The gas is burned, or flared, at the flare pit. Notice that the flare line outlet is a good distance away from the rig floor; so even while gas is flaring, the crew can safely work on the rig floor.
Offshore, where there is no flare pit, the flare line conducts the gas over the side of the rig. The line runs over the water a safe distance away from the rig. A trip tank is a special mud tank. It is used when they pull drill string from the hole; for example, to change out a dull bit. They also use a trip tank when they run drill string back into the hole. Pulling the drill string and running it back in is called a trip, which is why they call this small tank a trip tank. They use it to keep accurate track of how much mud the drill string displaces in the hole. When the crew pulls drill string from the hole, the mud level in the hole drops. If they let the mud level drop too far, it won’t exert enough pressure to keep formation fluids from entering the hole.
So, as the crew pulls pipe, they continually circulate fluid from the trip tank to replace the drill string and keep the hole full. They also watch for unusual changes, and they make sure that the volume of mud they put in exactly replaces the volume occupied by the drill string. Since the volumes are small, the level of mud in the trip tank is calculated in small increments, such as stands of pipe or barrels, or liters of mud, or both. If the volume they put at is less than the volume occupied by the drill string they removed, then it’s likely that formation fluids have entered the hole. For example, let’s say the crew pulls one stand of drill pipe. In this instance, the stand displaces .7 barrels or 111 liters. Therefore, they should pump .7 barrels, or 111 liters, of mud to replace the stand. The mud level in the trip tank should show a drop of .7 barrels or 111 liters. If the level in the tank shows less, then formation fluids have entered the hole, and the crew must take steps to control the well.
Here’s a choke manifold. Flow gets to it from the BOP stack via a choke line. The manifold usually has two special valves in it called the chokes. Usually well flow goes through only one of the chokes.
The others are backups or used under special conditions. By adjusting the size of the opening of the choke, making the opening smaller or larger, the driller adjusts the amount of flow through the choke. The smaller the opening, the less flow. The larger the opening, the more flow. The less flow, the more bank pressure on the well. The more flow, the less bank pressure on the well. This adjustment of bank pressure keeps the pressure on the bottom of the flow constant, so that no more kick fluids can enter the well. The driller or another crew member uses the choke control panel to adjust the size of the choke’s opening as kick fluids flow through it. By watching the pressure on the drill pipe encasing, and by keeping the mudbomb at a constant speed, the choke operator can adjust the choke to keep the pressure on the bottom of the hole constant.
The choke operator must keep the bottom hole pressure constant to successfully control and circulate a kick out of the hole. Often, kick fluids and mud from the choke manifold go through a line to a mud-gas separator. Frequently, formation gas is the main part of a kick. However, kick fluids may also contain water, oil, or a combination of these fluids. In any case, the mud-gas separator removes the gas from the mud. With the gas removed, the pump circulates gas-free mud into the mud tanks, and back down the hole. The separated gas goes to a flare line.
In the separator, mud, with gas in it from the choke manifold, enters the top and falls over several baffle plates. The gas breaks out of the mud as it falls over the baffle plates and goes into the flare line. The gas-free mud flows into the bottom outlet, where it goes to the mud tanks for circulation down hole. The flare line conducts gas from the mud-gas separator to the flare pit on land rigs. The gas is burned, or flared, at the flare pit. Notice that the flare line outlet is a good distance away from the rig floor; so even while gas is flaring, the crew can safely work on the rig floor.
Offshore, where there is no flare pit, the flare line conducts the gas over the side of the rig. The line runs over the water a safe distance away from the rig. A trip tank is a special mud tank. It is used when they pull drill string from the hole; for example, to change out a dull bit. They also use a trip tank when they run drill string back into the hole. Pulling the drill string and running it back in is called a trip, which is why they call this small tank a trip tank. They use it to keep accurate track of how much mud the drill string displaces in the hole. When the crew pulls drill string from the hole, the mud level in the hole drops. If they let the mud level drop too far, it won’t exert enough pressure to keep formation fluids from entering the hole.
So, as the crew pulls pipe, they continually circulate fluid from the trip tank to replace the drill string and keep the hole full. They also watch for unusual changes, and they make sure that the volume of mud they put in exactly replaces the volume occupied by the drill string. Since the volumes are small, the level of mud in the trip tank is calculated in small increments, such as stands of pipe or barrels, or liters of mud, or both. If the volume they put at is less than the volume occupied by the drill string they removed, then it’s likely that formation fluids have entered the hole. For example, let’s say the crew pulls one stand of drill pipe. In this instance, the stand displaces .7 barrels or 111 liters. Therefore, they should pump .7 barrels, or 111 liters, of mud to replace the stand. The mud level in the trip tank should show a drop of .7 barrels or 111 liters. If the level in the tank shows less, then formation fluids have entered the hole, and the crew must take steps to control the well.
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